![]() Sometimes there is a perinephric extension with thickening of Gerota's fascia. Calcification and a staghorn calculus can be better delineated on CT scan. The calyces, in contrast, are dilated giving a multiloculated appearance that has been likened to the paw print of a bear ( bear's paw sign) 3. The normal renal outline is lost and enlarged with a paradoxical contracted renal pelvis. CTĬT findings are most helpful in reaching the correct diagnosis. Ultrasound examination demonstrates an enlarged and distorted renal outline, with loss of the normal renal architecture and (usually) a centrally-located shadowing calculus. ![]() A calculus is not always present in such cases, it is not possible to make a plain film diagnosis. Plain radiograph findings are difficult to distinguish from a routine staghorn calculus, although fragmentation and enlargement of the renal outline may be seen. In other instances, this represents diffuse xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis of one moiety of a duplex system Sometimes a truly focal process in a normal kidney Two forms of the disease are recognized both macroscopically and on imaging 1,5: This staging was originally described in a pediatric population but can be applied to adults. Stage III: the disease extends into the perirenal and pararenal spaces or diffuse retroperitoneum Stage II: involves renal parenchyma as well as an extension to perirenal/perinephric fat Stage I: the disease is confined to the renal parenchyma only One method of staging (originally proposed by Malek et al.) is based on the degree of involvement of the adjacent tissues 6: The inflammatory process eventually extends into the perinephric tissues and even adjacent organs 5. Foamy (lipid-laden) macrophages predominate 1,4. The kidney is eventually replaced by a mass of reactive tissue, surrounding the usually present (90%) inciting staghorn calculus with associated hydronephrosis of a greater or lesser degree. The clean blood is then transferred back into the body and the waste products are passed out of the body when you pee.Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is, as the name suggests, a chronic granulomatous process believed to be the result of subacute/chronic infection inciting a chronic but incomplete immune reaction 1,4. Various bacteria are isolated, however, the most commonly isolated species are Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis 1,4. The kidneys remove waste products from the blood. ![]() They're located towards the back of the abdomen on either side of the spine. The kidneys are 2 bean-shaped organs that are roughly 10cm (4 inches) in length. It's very important to keep your urine pale in colour to prevent waste products forming into kidney stones.įind out more about preventing kidney stones The kidneys To avoid getting kidney stones, make sure you drink plenty of water every day so you do not become dehydrated. It's estimated up to half of all people who have had kidney stones will experience them again within the following 5 years. Larger stones may need to be broken up or removed with surgery.įind out more about treating kidney stones Most kidney stones are small enough to be passed in your pee, and it may be possible to treat the symptoms at home with medication. have a medical condition that raises the levels of certain substances in your urineįind out more about the causes of kidney stonesĪfter a kidney stone has formed, your body will try to pass it out when you pee.Over time, the crystals may build up to form a hard stone-like lump. Waste products in the blood can occasionally form crystals that collect inside the kidneys. you have an episode of shivering or shaking.You should contact a GP or NHS 111 immediately if: pain in the side of your tummy (abdomen)įind out more about the symptoms of kidney stones When to get urgent medical help.Larger kidney stones can cause several symptoms, including: You'll usually pee them out without any discomfort. You may not notice if you have small kidney stones. They can be extremely painful, and can lead to kidney infections or the kidney not working properly if left untreated. Kidney stones are usually found in the kidneys or in the ureter, the tube that connects the kidneys to your bladder. They're quite common, with more than 1 in 10 people affected. Kidney stones can develop in 1 or both kidneys and most often affect people aged 30 to 60.
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